Operation Urgent Fury 1983

United States invades Grenada 1983

Cold War

President Ronald Reagan, citing the threat posed to American nationals on the Caribbean nation of Grenada by that nation’s Marxist regime, orders the Marines to invade and secure their safety. There were nearly 1,000 Americans in Grenada at the time, many of them students at the island’s medical school. In little more than a week, Grenada’s government was overthrown.The situation on Grenada had been of concern to American officials since 1979, when the leftist Maurice Bishop seized power and began to develop close relations with Cuba. In 1983, another Marxist, Bernard Coard, had Bishop assassinated and took control of the government. Protesters clashed with the new government and violence escalated. Citing the danger to the U.S. citizens in Grenada, Reagan ordered nearly 2,000 U.S. troops into the island, where they soon found themselves facing opposition from Grenadan armed forces and groups of Cuban military engineers, in Grenada to repair and expand the island’s airport. Matters were not helped by the fact that U.S. forces had to rely on minimal intelligence about the situation. (The maps used by many of them were, in fact, old tourist maps of the island.) Reagan ordered in more troops, and by the time the fighting was done, nearly 6,000 U.S. troops were in Grenada. Nearly 20 of these troops were killed and over a hundred wounded; over 60 Grenadan and Cuban troops were killed. Coard’s government collapsed and was replaced by one acceptable to the United States.

A number of Americans were skeptical of Reagan’s defense of the invasion, noting that it took place just days after a disastrous explosion in a U.S. military installation in Lebanon killed over 240 U.S. troops, calling into question the use of military force to achieve U.S. goals. Nevertheless, the Reagan administration claimed a great victory, calling it the first “rollback” of communist influence since the beginning of the Cold War.

Operation Urgent Fury: The 1983 US Invasion of Grenada

Dec 2, 2017 Nikola Budanovic

A CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopter hovers above the ground near a Soviet ZU-23 anti-aircraft weapon prior to picking it up during Operation URGENT FURY.

In 1983, the Cold War was rather hot: Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States and the relations between East and West deteriorated. In 1983, the world once again felt the fear of an all-out nuclear war, like during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Reagan emphasized the rise and of the influence of the Soviet-Cuban alliance, as numerous left-wing guerilla groups and military coups began to appear all over Latin America and the Caribean. On 25th of October 1983, the US together with its allies from the Eastern Caribbean Defense Force invaded Grenada, in the response of the coup d’etat that occurred only nine days earlier.

The situation was boiling, as the invasion of Grenada took place only two days after the 1983 Beirut Barracks Bombing which claimed the lives of 220 US  Marines, 18 sailors, and three soldiers. The attack was conducted on the Lebanese joint peacekeeping force and resulted in an additional death of 58 French paratroopers and six civilians. But first, what is the background of the small island state in the Caribbean that led to the invasion?

The state of Grenada had its share of political turmoil since its declaration of independence from the British Crown in 1974. The man responsible for their independence was Sir Eric Mathew Gairy. After he was elected Prime Minister of the country for the second time, in 1979, the political opposition began violent clashes against his supporters. A gang war was raging in Grenada between the Mongoose Gang (which was the private army of Eric Gairy) and the New Jewel Movement who opposed them.

The New Jewel Movement managed to oust Gairy from his position and establish a government led by Maurice Bishop in 1979. But a lot of scores were left unsettled. In 1983 a political fraction within the New Jewel Movement organized the murder of Bishop. His deputy, Bernard Coard assumed the role of the Prime Minister.

An aerial view of the approach to Point Salines Airport, taken during Operation URGENT FURY.

The US reacted with a military intervention, at the request of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), as well as the nations of Barbados and Jamaica. It became apparent that a dangerous power struggle was happening in America’s backyard, and the US couldn’t afford another Cuba.

The US justified the invasion through a series of arguments, even though the United Nations, Canada, and Great Britain saw the action as an unprecedented violation of international law. The main reason for the dispute was the way the US justified their decision to invade. The United Kingdom and Canada had contributed to the construction of an airport in Grenada, the Point Salines International Airport, which the United States considered being a cover for a Soviet-Cuban airstrip.

This claim was fueled by the fact that Cuban workers and engineers were involved in the construction. Earlier in 1983, a fact-finding mission was conducted by then-member of the US House of Representatives Ron Dellums, who concluded that the airfield was made exclusively for commercial purposes and that there was no hidden military agenda behind it.

Members of the Eastern Caribbean Defense Force.

Despite the objections, the US continued with their plan. Ronald Reagan garnered his support in the 1980s by warning the public of the “Soviet-Cuban militarization of the Caribbean” and gave the invasion a sense of global significance, as he was convinced that the airfield was indeed a Soviet forward base for the future invasion of the continental United States.

Navy SEAL teams were already on the ground two days before the invasion, gathering intelligence. Due to stormy weather four SEAL operatives drowned before reaching dry land. The others were forced to abort their mission with very limited information on enemy positions.

At midnight, on 24th October 1983, a joint invasion of the island commenced. The 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment took off from an airfield in America in an attempt to take control over the disputed Point Salines airport, with the help of the Navy SEAL-s that were already on the ground. They parachuted near the airport, seized it and waited for the elements of the Caribbean Peace Force to arrive. Later elements of the 82nd Airborne began landing on the now secured airfield.

An air-to-air right side view of an AH-1 Cobra helicopter firing its 20mm cannon during a mission in support of Operation Urgent Fury.

On the first day of the invasion, the US forces ran into moderate resistance which included DShK machine gun fire, ZU-23 anti-aircraft guns and BTR-60 APC-s, together with small arms fire by Cuban and Grenadian soldiers. Besides from Cuban military presence, evidence exists that confirms that elements of Soviet, Bulgarian, East German, North Korean and Libyan armies were involved in the conflict.

The main objectives of the US-led coalition were securing the 233 US students who were in Grenada at the time and liberating Governer General Paul Scoon who was an American-backed politician under house arrest in Grenada. His mansion was besieged by US forces and after a small skirmish with the Grenadian Army, he was evacuated together with his family.

U.S. Marines in Grenada, 3 November 1983

The US students were also successfully evacuated from the Grand Anse campus, after facing light resistance. Additional 20 students would be rescued on the third day of the invasion.

By 27th of October, there was practically no resistance on the island whatsoever. The coalition forces continued to sweep the island, cautiously seizing it, bit by bit. There were several cases of friendly fire reported during the operation. An A-7 airstrike called by an Air-Naval Gunfire Liaison team accidentally hit the command post of the 2nd Brigade at Grand Anse, wounding 17 troops, one of whom died of wounds.

Another case of friendly fire happened after a Blackhawk crashed-landed during a drop. Two helicopters behind it collided with it, killing three and wounding four US servicemen. In total, there were 19 US soldiers dead and 116 wounded. This was the first time the UH-60A Black Hawk helicopters were used in combat.

American students are waiting to be evacuated from Grenada.

Besides from military casualties, 24 civilians lost their lives during the invasion, 18 of them after the US Air Force bombed a Grenadian mental hospital by mistake.

Even though the invasion proved to be a solid demonstration of power, these incidents highlighted the lack of efficient strategic planning and flawed intelligence in the US Army.

Following the US victory, the American and Caribbean governments quickly reaffirmed Queen Elizabeth II as Grenada’s lawful ruler and recognized Governor General Paul Scoon as her only lawful representative in Grenada.